what factors caused nations including the U.S to pursue IMperalism

American Imperialism

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United States internationally.

Learning Objectives

Ascertain American imperialism

Central Takeaways

Primal Points

• The late nineteenth century was known as the "Age of Imperialism," a time when the The states and other major globe powers rapidly expanded their territorial possessions.
• American imperialism is partly based on American exceptionalism, the idea that the U.s.a. is different from other countries because of its specific world mission to spread liberty and democracy.
• Ane of the most notable instances of American imperialism was the looting of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the Us to gain possession and command of all ports, buildings, harbors, armed forces equipment, and public belongings that had belonged to the Authorities of the Hawaiian Islands.
• Some groups, such as the American Anti-Imperialist League, opposed imperialism on the grounds that information technology conflicted with the American ideal of Republicans and the "consent of the governed."

Key Terms

• Social Darwinism: An ideology that seeks to utilise biological concepts of Darwinism or evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, ofttimes under the supposition that conflict betwixt societal groups leads to social progress, equally superior groups surpass junior ones.
• American Exceptionalism: A belief, central to American political culture since the Revolution, that Americans have a unique mission among nations to spread liberty and democracy.
• The American Anti-Imperialist League: An organization established in the United States on June 15, 1898, to boxing the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular area.
• American Imperialism: A term that refers to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the Us on other countries.

Expansion and Power

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economic, armed services, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries. Commencement popularized during the presidency of James K. Polk, the concept of an "American Empire" was made a reality throughout the latter half of the 1800s. During this fourth dimension, industrialization caused American businessmen to seek new international markets in which to sell their goods. In add-on, the increasing influence of social Darwinism led to the belief that the Us was inherently responsible for bringing concepts such as industry, democracy, and Christianity to less adult "savage" societies. The combination of these attitudes and other factors led the United States toward imperialism.

"Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip": "Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip," refers to the extension of U.Due south. domination (symbolized by a bald eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The drawing contrasts the 1898 representation with that of the United States in 1798.

American imperialism is partly rooted in American exceptionalism, the idea that the United States is dissimilar from other countries due to its specific world mission to spread freedom and commonwealth. This theory often is traced back to the words of 1800s French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who concluded that the United states of america was a unique nation, "proceeding along a path to which no limit can be perceived."

Pinpointing the bodily beginning of American imperialism is difficult. Some historians suggest that it began with the writing of the Constitution; historian Donald West. Meinig argues that the imperial behavior of the The states dates dorsum to at least the Louisiana Purchase. He describes this outcome as an, "ambitious encroachment of 1 people upon the territory of another, resulting in the subjugation of that people to alien rule." Here, he is referring to the U.S. policies toward Native Americans, which he said were, "designed to remold them into a people more than appropriately conformed to imperial desires."

Uncle Sam teaching the earth: This extravaganza shows Uncle Sam lecturing four children labelled "Philippines," "Hawaii," "Puerto Rico," and "Cuba" in front end of children holding books labeled with various U.S. states. In the background, an American Indian holds a book upside down, a Chinese boy stands at the door, and a black male child cleans a window. The blackboard reads, "The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact… the U.Due south. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves."

Whatever its origins, American imperialism experienced its pinnacle from the late 1800s through the years following World War II. During this "Age of Imperialism," the Usa exerted political, social, and economical control over countries such as the Philippines, Cuba, Germany, Austria, Korea, and Japan. One of the about notable examples of American imperialism in this age was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the U.s.a. to gain possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public property that had formally belonged to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands. On January 17, 1893, the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was deposed in a coup d'état led largely by American citizens who were opposed to Liliuokalani's attempt to found a new Constitution. This activity eventually resulted in Hawaii's becoming America's 50th state in 1959.

Opposition to Imperialism

The American Anti-Imperialist League was an system established in the U.s. on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines equally an insular area. The League also argued that the Castilian-American State of war was a war of imperialism camouflaged every bit a war of liberation. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism, especially the need for "consent of the governed." They did not oppose expansion on commercial, constitutional, religious, or humanitarian grounds; rather, they believed that the looting and administration of 3rd-world tropical areas would hateful the abandonment of American ethics of self-government and isolation—ideals expressed in the U.South. Announcement of Independence, George Washington 's Good day Address, and Abraham Lincoln 'southward Gettysburg Accost. The Anti-Imperialist League represented an older generation and was rooted in an before era; they were defeated in terms of public opinion, the 1900 election, and the actions of Congress and the president because well-nigh younger Progressives who were merely coming to power supported imperialism.

The Spanish-American State of war

The Castilian-American War was a three-month-long conflict in 1898 between Kingdom of spain and the United States.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Spanish-American War

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• The Spanish-American State of war was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence with Spain.
• The war served to further repair relations betwixt the American North and Southward. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first time since the end of the Civil War in 1865, and many friendships were formed between soldiers of Northern and Southern states during their tours of duty.
• The war marked American entry into world affairs. Since and so, the United States has had a significant hand in various conflicts effectually the world, and has entered into many treaties and agreements.
• The defeat of Spain marked the end of the Spanish Empire.

Cardinal Terms

• expansionism: The policy of expanding a nation'south territory or its economic influence.

Overview

The Castilian-American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United states of america. It was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban State of war of Independence. American attacks on Espana's Pacific possessions led to U.South. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine-American War.

Background

Revolts against Spanish rule had been endemic for decades in Cuba and were closely watched past Americans. With the abolition of slavery in 1886, former slaves joined the ranks of farmers and the urban working class, many wealthy Cubans lost their holding, and the number of sugar mills declined. Merely companies and the well-nigh powerful plantation owners remained in business, and during this period, U.S. financial capital began flowing into the country. Although it remained Spanish territory politically, Cuba started to depend on the The states economically. Coincidentally, around the aforementioned time, Cuba saw the rise of labor movements.

Following his 2d deportation to Spain in 1878, revolutionary José Martí moved to the United States in 1881. At that place he mobilized the support of the Cuban exile community, specially in southern Florida. He aimed for a revolution and independence from Spain, but as well lobbied against the U.Due south. annexation of Cuba, which some American and Cuban politicians desired.

By 1897–1898, American public opinion grew angrier at reports of Spanish atrocities in Cuba. After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a state of war he had wished to avert. Compromise proved impossible, resulting in the U.s.a. sending an ultimatum to Spain that demanded it immediately surrender control of Republic of cuba, which the Spanish rejected. Start Madrid, then Washington, formally alleged war.

The War

Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean area and the Pacific. American naval power proved decisive, allowing U.S. expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba confronting a Spanish garrison already reeling from nationwide insurgent attacks and wasted by yellowish fever.

The Spanish-American State of war was swift and decisive. During the war'southward 3-month duration, not a single American reverse of any importance occurred. A calendar week after the declaration of war, Commodore George Dewey of the vi-warship Asiatic Squadron (then based at Hong Kong) steamed his armada to the Philippines. Dewey caught the entire Castilian armada at anchor in Manila Bay and destroyed it without losing an American life.

Cuban, Philippine, and American forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila every bit a upshot of their numerical superiority in most of the battles and despite the adept functioning of some Castilian infantry units and spirited defenses in places such as San Juan Hill. Madrid sued for peace afterwards ii obsolete Castilian squadrons were sunk in Santiago de Republic of cuba and Manila Bay. A third more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts.

The Treaty of Paris

The result of the war was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the United States. Information technology allowed temporary American control of Cuba and indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines following their purchase from Spain. The defeat and collapse of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Espana's national psyche, and provoked a motion of thoroughgoing philosophical and artistic reevaluation of Spanish society known every bit the "Generation of '98." The victor gained several island possessions spanning the globe, which caused a rancorous new argue over the wisdom of expansionism.

Legacy of the War

"La Fatlera del Oncle Sam": A Catalan satirical cartoon, published in La Campana de Gràcia (1896), criticizing U.Southward. beliefs regarding Republic of cuba.

The war marked American entry into world affairs. Before the Spanish-American War, the U.s. was characterized by isolationism, an approach to foreign policy that asserts that a nation'south interests are best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance. Since the Spanish-American War, the United States has had a significant paw in various conflicts around the world, and has entered many treaties and agreements. The Panic of 1893 was over by this point, and the United States entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s. The state of war redefined national identity, served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind, and provided a model for all hereafter news reporting.

The state of war likewise effectively concluded the Spanish Empire. Espana had been declining as an imperial power since the early nineteenth century as a result of Napoleon's invasion. The loss of Republic of cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba, which was seen as some other province of Espana rather than as a colony. Spain retained merely a scattering of overseas holdings: Castilian West Africa, Castilian Republic of guinea, Spanish Sahara, Castilian Morocco, and the Canary Islands.

Markets and Missionaries

Progressive Era evangelism included strong political, social, and economic letters, which urged adherents to improve their society.

Learning Objectives

Identify the Social Gospel move and the American Missionary Association

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Social Gospel was the religious fly of the Progressive movement, which aimed to combat injustice, suffering, and poverty in society.
• The American Missionary Association established schools and colleges for African Americans in the post-Civil War menstruation.
• The Social Gospel movement was non a unified and well-focused movement, as there were disagreements among members.

Primal Terms

• Social Gospel: A Protestant Christian intellectual move that was most prominent in the early twentieth-century Usa and Canada that practical Christian ethics to social bug.
• American Missionary Association: An organization supporting the education of freed blacks that founded hundreds of schools and colleges.
• Evangelical: Of or relating to any of several Christian churches that believe in the sole authority of the gospels.

The Social Gospel Move

The Social Gospel was a Protestant movement that was most prominent in the early twentieth-century Us and Canada. The movement practical Christian ideals to social problems, specially problems of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environments, kid labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.

In the United States, prior to World War I, the Social Gospel was the religious fly of the Progressive move, which aimed to combat injustice, suffering, and poverty in order. Denver, Colorado, was a center of Social Gospel activism. Thomas Uzzell led the Methodist People's Tabernacle from 1885 to 1910. He established a free dispensary for medical emergencies, an employment bureau for task seekers, a summer camp for children, dark schools for extended learning, and English language classes. Myron Reed of the First Congregational Church became a spokesman for labor unions on issues such every bit worker'due south bounty. His heart-class congregation encouraged Reed to move on when he became a Socialist, and he organized a nondenominational church building. Baptist government minister Jim Goodhart set up an employment bureau, and provided food and lodging for tramps and hobos at the mission he ran. He became city clergyman and director of public welfare of Denver in 1918. In addition to these Protestants, Reform Jews and Catholics helped build Denver's social welfare organisation in the early twentieth century.

Walter Rauschenbusch and Dwight Moody

Pastor Dwight Moody, ca.1900: Portrait of Pastor Dwight Moody: preacher, evangelist, and publisher in the Social Gospel move.

Ane of the defining theologians for the Social Gospel motion was Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist pastor of a congregation located in Hell's Kitchen in New York City. Rauschenbusch railed confronting what he regarded every bit the selfishness of commercialism and promoted a form of Christian Socialism that supported the creation of labor unions and cooperative economics.

While pastors such as Rauschenbusch were combining their expertise in Biblical ideals and economic studies and research to preach theological claims around the need for social reform, others such as Dwight Moody refused to preach about social issues based on personal experience. Pastor Moody'due south experience led him to believe that the poor were too particular in receiving charity. Moody claimed that concentrating on social assist distracted people from the life-saving bulletin of the Gospel.

Rauschenbusch sought to address the problems of the urban center with Socialist ideas that proved to be frightening to the eye classes, the primary supporters of the Social Gospel. In contrast, Moody attempted to salvage people from the city and was very effective in influencing eye-grade Americans who were moving into the city with traditional way revivals.

The American Missionary Association

The American Missionary Association (AMA) was a Protestant-based abolitionist group founded on September 3, 1846, in Albany, New York. The main purpose of this arrangement was to abolish slavery, educate African Americans, advocate for racial equality, and promote Christian values. Its members and leaders were both black and white and chiefly affiliated with Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches.

The AMA started The American Missionary magazine, which published from 1846 through 1934. Amongst its efforts was the founding of antislavery churches. For case, the abolitionist Owen Lovejoy was amidst the Congregational ministers of the AMA who helped plant 115 antislavery churches in Illinois before the American Ceremonious State of war, aided by the strong westward migration of individuals from the East. While the AMA became notable in the The states for its work in opposition to slavery and in support of didactics for freed men, information technology too worked in missions in numerous nations overseas. The nineteenth-century missionary effort was potent in China and due east Asia.

Legacy

While the Social Gospel was short-lived historically, it had a lasting impact on the policies of nigh of the mainline denominations in the United States. Most began programs for social reform, which led to ecumenical cooperation in 1910 during the germination of the Federal Council of Churches (although cooperation regarding social issues frequently led to charges of Socialism). It is likely that the Social Gospel's potent sense of leadership by the people led to women's suffrage, and that the emphasis it placed on morality led to prohibition. Biographer Randall Forest argues that Social Gospel themes learned from childhood allowed Lyndon B. Johnson to transform social problems into moral problems. This helps explain his longtime delivery to social justice, as exemplified by the Peachy Society, and his commitment to racial equality. The Social Gospel explicitly inspired his foreign-policy approach of a sort of Christian internationalism and nation building.

The Open up Door Policy

The Open up Door Policy aimed to keep the Chinese trade marketplace open up to all countries on an equal basis.

Learning Objectives

Place the Open Door Policy and the Monroe Doctrine

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Open Door Policy was established in 1899 and stated that all European nations and the Usa could merchandise with China with equal standing.
• The Monroe Doctrine stated that efforts by European nations to colonize or interfere with states in North or S America would be viewed every bit acts of aggression toward the Usa and that the U.s.a. would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal European diplomacy.

Key Terms

• Open Door Policy: A doctrine that governed the relationship between China and the imperial powers (U.k., French republic, Deutschland, Italian republic, Russia, America, and Japan) during the early 1900s. The policy forbade the imperial powers from taking Chinese territory and from interfering with one another'due south economic activities in People's republic of china.
• Monroe Doctrine: A U.South. strange policy regarding domination of the Americas, which aimed to complimentary the newly contained colonies of Latin America from European intervention.

The "Open up Door Policy" refers to a U.Due south. doctrine established in the belatedly nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, every bit expressed in Secretary of Country John Hay'due south "Open Door Note," dated September 6, 1899, and dispatched to the major European powers. The policy proposed to proceed Communist china open to trade with all countries on an equal footing, keeping any ane ability from total control of the country, and calling upon all powers, inside their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or whatsoever vested interest, to let Chinese government to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges.

The Open up Door policy was rooted in the want of U.S. businesses to trade with Chinese markets, though the policy'due south pledging to protect China's sovereignty and territorial integrity from segmentation also tapped the deep-seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism. In practice, the policy had little legal standing; it was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese, which created lingering resentment and acquired it to exist seen later as a symbol of national humiliation past many Chinese historians.

Formation of the Policy

During the Showtime Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Cathay faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized past imperialist powers such as U.k., France, Russia, Japan, and Germany. Later winning the Spanish-American State of war of 1898, and with the newly caused territory of the Philippine Islands, the U.s. increased its Asian presence and was expecting to farther its commercial and political interest in Red china. The United states of america felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in Cathay and worried that information technology might lose admission to the Chinese market should the country be partitioned.

As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open up Door Policy to safeguard American business concern opportunities and other interests in People's republic of china. On September 6, 1899, U.Due south. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Britain, Italian republic, Nippon, and Russia), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would non interfere with the free utilize of the treaty ports inside their spheres of influence in China. The Open Door Policy stated that all nations, including the United States, could enjoy equal access to the Chinese market.

In reply, each country tried to evade Hay's request, taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, by July 1900, Hay appear that each of the powers had granted consent in principle. Although treaties made later 1900 refer to the Open Door Policy, competition among the various powers for special concessions inside Red china for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, foreign trade ports, then along, continued unabated.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a U.South. foreign policy regarding domination of the Americas in 1823. It stated that further efforts past European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would exist viewed every bit acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. At the aforementioned time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued in 1823 at a fourth dimension when nearly all Latin American colonies of Kingdom of spain and Portugal had achieved, or were at the point of gaining, independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires.

Monroe Doctrine: A 1912 newspaper cartoon about the Monroe Doctrine.

President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh-annual State of the Matrimony Address to Congress. The term "Monroe Doctrine" itself was coined in 1850. By the finish of the nineteenth century, Monroe's announcement was seen as a defining moment in the foreign policy of the Us and one of its longest-standing tenets. It would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Ulysses Southward. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and many others.

The intent and bear on of the Monroe Doctrine persisted with only pocket-sized variations for more than than a century. Its stated objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and avoid situations that could make the New World a battleground for the Sometime World powers, then that the United States could exert its ain influence undisturbed. The doctrine asserted that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly split up spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely carve up and contained nations.

Inherent in the Monroe Doctrine are the themes of American exceptionalism and Manifest Destiny, 2 ideas that refer to the right of the U.s. to exert its influence over the rest of the world. Under these conditions, the Monroe Doctrine was used to justify American intervention away multiple times throughout the nineteenth century, most notably in the Spanish-American War and with the annexation of Hawaii.

The Philippine-American War

The Philippine-American War was an armed disharmonize that resulted in American colonial rule of the Philippines until 1946.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Philippine-American War

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Philippine-American War was office of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded by the Philippine Revolution (1896) and the Spanish-American War.
• The disharmonize arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following looting by the Usa.
• The war and U.S. occupation changed the cultural mural of the islands. Examples of this include the disestablishment of the Catholic Church every bit the Philippine state organized religion and the introduction of the English language language as the primary language of authorities and business organisation.
• The United states officially took command of the Philippines in 1902. In 1916, the United States promised some self-government, a limited course of which was established in 1935. In 1946, following World War Two, the United States gave the territory independence through the Treaty of Manila.

Key Terms

• Philippine Revolution of 1896: An armed conflict in which Philippine revolutionaries tried to win national independence from Castilian colonial rule. Power struggles among the revolutionaries and disharmonize with Spanish forces continued throughout the Spanish-American War.
• Boxing of Manila: The boxing that began the Philippine-American War of 1899.
• American Anti-Imperialist League: A U.Southward. organisation that opposed American control of the Philippines and viewed information technology as a violation of republican principles. The grouping besides believed in free trade, the gold standard, and limited government.

The Philippine-American War, also known equally the "Philippine State of war of Independence" or the "Philippine Insurrection" (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between the United states of america and Filipino revolutionaries. The conflict arose subsequently the Philippine Revolution of 1896, from the First Philippine Commonwealth's struggle to gain independence post-obit looting by the Us.

The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris, nether which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain after the Spanish-American State of war.

The Battle of Manila: The Battle of Manila, February 1899.

Fighting erupted between U.S. and Filipino revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Boxing of Manila. On June ii, 1899, the Start Philippine Democracy officially alleged war against the Us. The war officially concluded on July 2, 1902, with a victory for the U.s.a.. However, some Philippine groups led past veterans of the Katipunan continued to battle the American forces. Amongst those leaders was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed "Tagalog Democracy," formed in 1902 later on the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, connected hostilities in remote areas and islands until their final defeat a decade later at the Boxing of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.

Impact and Legacy

Filipino soldiers: Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.

The war with and occupation past the United States would change the cultural mural of the islands. The war resulted in an estimated 34,000 to 220,000 Philippine casualties (with more civilians dying from disease and hunger brought about by war); the disestablishment of the Roman Cosmic Church as the state religion; and the introduction of the English language in the islands equally the primary language of authorities, education, business, and industry, and increasingly in future decades, of families and educated individuals.

Under the 1902 "Philippine Organic Human activity," passed by the U.S. Congress, Filipinos initially were given very limited cocky-regime, including the right to vote for some elected officials such as a Philippine Assembly. But information technology was not until 14 years subsequently, with the passage of the 1916 Philippine Autonomy Human activity (or "Jones Act"), that the The states officially promised eventual independence, along with more than Philippine control in the concurrently over the Philippines. The 1934 Philippine Independence Act created in the following year the Commonwealth of the Philippines, a express form of independence, and established a process ending in Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by World War II). Finally in 1946, following World War II and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the U.s.a. granted independence through the Treaty of Manila.

American Opposition

Some Americans, notably William Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Ernest Crosby, and other members of the American Anti-Imperialist League, strongly objected to the annexation of the Philippines. Anti-imperialist movements claimed that the U.s. had become a colonial ability by replacing Spain as the colonial power in the Philippines. Other anti-imperialists opposed annexation on racist grounds. Amid these was Senator Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina, who feared that annexation of the Philippines would atomic number 82 to an influx of nonwhite immigrants into the U.s.a.. Equally news of atrocities committed in subduing the Philippines arrived in the The states, support for the war flagged.

The Banana Wars

The Banana Wars were a series of U.S. military occupations and interventions in Latin American and Caribbean countries during the early 1900s.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Banana Wars

Fundamental Takeaways

Central Points

• The Banana Wars were a series of conflicts and armed services interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean caused or influenced past the U.s. to protect its commercial interests. Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, United mexican states, Haiti, and the Dominican Democracy were all venues of conflicts.
• The United Fruit Company and the Standard Fruit Visitor had significant commercial stakes and influence in Latin America and were behind many of the conflicts.

Key Terms

• Roosevelt Corollary: An extension to the Monroe Doctrine articulated past President Theodore Roosevelt that states that the United States will intervene in conflicts betwixt European nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than allowing the Europeans to printing their claims directly.
• United Fruit Company: An American company that sold fruit produced on Latin and Southward American plantations to North American and European markets. Along with the Standard Fruit Company, it dominated the economies and strongly influenced the governments of Latin American countries.

The Banana Wars, also known as the "American-Caribbean Wars," were a series of occupations, police force actions, and interventions involving the Usa in Central America and the Caribbean area. This period of conflict started with the Spanish-American State of war in 1898 and the subsequent Treaty of Paris, which gave the United States control of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Thereafter, the United States conducted armed forces interventions in Cuba, Panama, Republic of honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. The serial of conflicts ended with the withdrawal of troops from Haiti in 1934 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Reasons for these conflicts were varied but were largely economic in nature. The disharmonize was chosen the "Banana Wars" because of the connections between U.South. interventions and the preservation of American commercial interests in the region.

United Fruit Visitor Steamship Service: A 1916 advertisement for the United Fruit Company Steamship Service.

Nigh prominently, the United Fruit Company had significant fiscal stakes in the production of bananas, tobacco, saccharide pikestaff, and various other products throughout the Caribbean area, Central America, and northern Southward America. The Usa too was advancing its political interests, maintaining a sphere of influence and controlling the Panama Culvert, which information technology had recently built and which was critically of import to global merchandise and naval power.

Panama and the Canal

In 1882, Ferdinand de Lesseps started piece of work on a canal, but past 1889, the endeavour had experienced engineering challenges acquired by frequent landslides, slippage of equipment, and mud, and resulted in bankruptcy. U.Southward. President Theodore Roosevelt convinced Congress to accept on the abandoned works in 1902, while Colombia was in the midst of the Thousand Days' State of war. During the war, Panamanian Liberals made at least three attempts to seize control of Panama and potentially attain total autonomy. Liberal guerrillas such every bit Belisario Porras and Victoriano Lorenzo were suppressed past a collaboration between conservative Colombian and U.South. forces under the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty. The Roosevelt administration proposed to Colombia that the United States should command the canal, but by mid-1903, the Colombian government refused. The United States then changed tactics.

Less than three weeks later, on November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed between Frenchman Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, who had promptly been appointed Panamanian ambassador to the United states of america (representing Panamanian interests), and the U.Southward. Secretary of State John Hay. The treaty allowed for the construction of a culvert and U.S. sovereignty over a strip of land x-miles wide and fifty-miles long on either side of the Panama Culvert Zone. In that zone, the United States would build a canal, then administrate, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity."

Honduras and American Fruit Companies

Honduras, where the United Fruit Visitor and Standard Fruit Visitor dominated the land's key banana export sector and associated land holdings and railways, saw the insertion of American troops in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924, and 1925. The writer O. Henry coined the term "assistant republic" in 1904 to draw Honduras.

The first decades of Honduras'southward history were marked by instability in terms of politics and economic system. Indeed, the political context gave way to 210 armed conflicts between independence and the rise to power of the Carias authorities. This instability was due in office to American involvement in the country.

The kickoff company that ended an agreement with the Honduras authorities was the Vaccaro Brothers Company (Standard Fruit Visitor). The Cuyamel Fruit Visitor and then followed that atomic number 82. The United Fruit Company likewise agreed to a contract with the authorities, which was attained through its subsidies (the Tela Rail Road Visitor and Truxillo Rails Road Company).

Dissimilar avenues led to the signature of a contract between the Honduras authorities and the American companies. The most popular artery was to obtain a take hold of on a piece of land in exchange for the completion of railroads in Honduras; this explains why a railroad visitor conducted the understanding between the United Fruit Company and Honduras. The ultimate goal in the acquisition of a contract was to command the bananas, from production to distribution. Therefore, the American companies would finance guerrilla fighters, presidential campaigns, and governments.

Mexico

The U.S. armed services involvements with United mexican states in this period are related to the same general commercial and political causes, but stand every bit a special case. The Americans conducted the Border War with Mexico from 1910 to 1919 for additional reasons: to command the menses of immigrants and refugees from revolutionary United mexican states (pacificos), and to counter rebel raids into U.Southward. territory. The 1914 U.S. occupation of Veracruz, nevertheless, was an exercise of armed influence, non an issue of edge integrity; it was aimed at cutting off the supplies of German munitions to the government of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, whom U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize. In the years prior to World War I, the United States also was sensitive to the regional balance of power confronting Germany. The Germans were actively arming and advising the Mexicans, as demonstrated by the 1914 SS Ypiranga arms-shipping incident, the establishment of High german saboteur Lothar Witzke's base in Mexico Urban center, the 1917 Zimmermann Telegram, and the presence of German language advisors during the 1918 Battle of Ambos Nogales. Only twice during the Mexican Revolution did the U.S. military occupy Mexico: during the temporary occupation of Veracruz in 1914 and betwixt the years 1916 and 1917, when U.Southward. General John Pershing and his army came to Mexico to atomic number 82 a nationwide search for Pancho Villa.

Other Countries

Other Latin American nations were influenced or dominated by American economic policies and/or commercial interests to the bespeak of compulsion. Theodore Roosevelt declared the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, asserting the right of the The states to intervene to stabilize the economic diplomacy of states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and his Secretary of State Philander C. Knox asserted a more "peaceful and economical" Dollar Affairs foreign policy, although that, too, was backed by force. The U.S. Marine Corps most ofttimes carried out these military interventions. The Marines were called in then frequently that they developed a Minor Wars Transmission, The Strategy and Tactics of Small Wars, in 1921. On occasion, U.Due south. Naval gunfire and U.S. Ground forces troops were also used.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/american-imperialism/

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